From AI Adoption to AI Governance: Developing an Ethical Governance Framework for Generative AI Integration in Indonesian Madrasahs

Abstract

This study aims to examine the transition from Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) adoption toward ethical governance in Indonesian madrasahs and to develop a context-sensitive governance framework for responsible integration. A qualitative case study was conducted at Madrasah, selected because its educational environment combines technological development, Islamic values, and institutional efforts to guide emerging AI practices. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis involving school leaders, teachers, and students. Data were analyzed through data condensation, data display, and verification, while credibility was strengthened through triangulation, member checking, and prolonged engagement. The findings indicate five interconnected governance dimensions: ethical principles, institutional policy, human oversight, AI literacy, and monitoring-accountability. GenAI was viewed as useful for learning support, but participants also identified risks involving academic integrity, inaccurate outputs, privacy, dependency, and unclear responsibility. The study concludes that responsible adoption requires layered governance rather than unrestricted use or prohibition. The framework offers practical guidance for policy, training, assessment, and monitoring while strengthening human agency, ethical responsibility, and educational trust.