Strengthening Islamic Social Finance Governance Through Legal Harmonization: Integrating Zakat, Infaq, and Productive Waqf

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Indonesia’s personal data protection framework in addressing the legal challenges arising from the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and to propose an adaptive governance model for strengthening privacy protection. This research employs a normative legal research method using a conceptual and legislative approach by examining Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, relevant legal doctrines, and contemporary literature on AI governance. The findings reveal that the existing legal framework has provided a strong foundation for protecting personal data; however, significant regulatory gaps remain in AI-specific data processing, algorithmic accountability, institutional supervision, and risk-based governance. The study concludes that adaptive governance is required to ensure a balanced relationship between technological innovation and the protection of fundamental privacy rights. The implications of this research emphasize the need for policymakers to develop AI-specific regulations, strengthen supervisory mechanisms, implement algorithmic transparency standards, and promote responsible innovation through a flexible and responsive legal framework.