Regulating Artificial Intelligence in Public Services: Legal Challenges, Accountability, and Good Governance in Indonesia

Abstract

This study examines the legal challenges of regulating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indonesian public services, with particular emphasis on legal accountability and the realization of good governance. The research aims to analyze the existing regulatory framework, identify legal gaps in AI governance, and formulate a comprehensive governance model that supports accountable and transparent public administration. A normative-empirical legal research design was employed by integrating statutory and doctrinal analysis with empirical data collected through document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and observations involving policymakers, legal experts, and public administrators. The findings reveal that Indonesia's AI governance remains fragmented, creating legal uncertainty regarding accountability, transparency, and institutional responsibility in AI-assisted decision-making. The study proposes a principle-based regulatory framework emphasizing legal certainty, explainability, human oversight, transparency, and institutional accountability. It concludes that comprehensive AI regulation is essential to ensure responsible public service delivery while safeguarding citizens' rights. The proposed framework contributes to administrative law scholarship and provides practical guidance for policymakers in developing accountable, transparent, and human-centered AI governance in Indonesia